Blaise Pascal (1623–1662)
Born in Clermont-Ferrand on 19 June 1623, Blaise Pascal from a very early age revealed extraordinary intellectual abilities. Before he was even 20, he had made highly significant mathematical and physical discoveries and invented a mechanical calculating machine. From the mid-1640s, he devoted himself largely to studying the properties of gases and liquids, atmospheric pressure, and vacuum. Com- bining the results of ingenious experiments with precise mathematical demonstrations, Pascal established the modern principles of hydrostatics. But his scientific creativity was truly prodigious, leading to discoveries in areas as disparate as probability theory, combinatorial analysis, the study of curves, or mathematical analysis, and establishing results that are still fundamental in these fields today.
Pascal made his mark on his time — and posterity — in other ways as well. Following a mystical experience, in November 1654, he began to devote himself to theological questions. Approaching the controversies of French Catholicism at the time, he wrote the famous Provincial Letters (1656–1657), attacking the Jesuits and what he regarded as their theological errors and moral laxity. He also began preparing an ambitious treatise in defence of Christianity, which he did not have time to finish. The surviving fragments were published only after his death (19 August 1662) as the famous Thoughts, one of the most celebrated works of philosophical and religious literature of all time.
In the “century of geniuses”, Blaise Pascal was one of the most versatile, most creative, and most influential figures in all of Europe.
Henrique Leitão
University of Lisbon
Adam Smith (1723–1790)
Adam Smith was one of the most influential economists in history, having contributed significantly to the development of modern economic thought. His best-known work, “The Wealth of Nations”, presented new ideas and concepts that shaped the way economics is studied and practised today. Smith’s invisible hand theory, his most famous idea, describes the idea that when individuals act within a market according to their own interests, the result, surprisingly, tends to be an efficient distribution of resources and the general wellbeing of society. This theory is frequently cited as justification for the promotion of the free market and free competition, as well as for minimising State intervention in the economy.
Furthermore, Smith was also a pioneer in the analysis of the division of labour, through which the specialisation and separation of tasks allow workers to produce more goods in less time, which, in turn, increases output and reduces production costs. This idea is crucial to understanding how the organisation and management of work are fundamental to increasing the efficiency and profitability of companies.
According to Smith, it is vital to recognise the importance of morality in economic decisions. Smith believed that human nature is guided by empathy and the desire to help others. He argued that this benevolent nature can be channelled into the creation of a fairer, more prosperous society. This perspective can be applied to the management of companies, encouraging them to make ethical and socially responsible decisions, beyond the simple maximization of profit.
In conclusion, the work of Adam Smith is of great importance for understanding modern economy and applying fundamental principles of management and organisation in business. The invisible hand theory, the analysis of the division of labour, and the importance of morality are key concepts that can be applied in strategic decision-making and in the development of successful companies.
Pedro Santa-Clara
